<p>This guide provides an overview of urban ecosystem structures, functions, and changes and discusses how to successfully accomplish eco-city planning based on government requirements. It adds a new dimension to the understanding and the application of the concept of urban sustainability, based on hypotheses about social and biogeophysical processes and through in-depth case studies. It presents three novel theories for socioeconomic metabolic models and discusses total urban ecosystem health using both the traditional environmental analysis method and emergy and exergy as holistic indicators.</p>
